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Torque measures force applied during rotation: τ = rF.  Torque (τ, the Greek letter tau) = the radius of the lever arm (r) multiplied by the force (F) applied. Radius is measured from the center of rotation or fulcrum to the point at which the perpendicular force is being applied. The resulting unit for torque is newton-meter (N-m) or foot-pound (ft-lb).

To divide terms with radicals, divide the coefficients and radicands separately:

\( \frac{28\sqrt{35}}{4\sqrt{5}} \)
\( \frac{28}{4} \) \( \sqrt{\frac{35}{5}} \)
7 \( \sqrt{7} \)

Fuses are thin wires that melt when the current in a circuit exceeds a preset amount. They help prevent short circuits from damaging circuit components when an unusually large current is applied to the circuit, either through component failure or spikes in applied voltage.

Cylinder number and arrangement depends on the purpose of the engine. Smaller (four and six cylinder) engines in front-wheel drive vehicles often use an inline design which orients cylinders vertically over the crankshaft and aligns them in a row. Other common orientations are a horizontal/opposed design which places cylinders flat facing each other with the crankshaft between them and a V-type design common in six and eight cylinder engines that features one cylinder head per block of cylinders oriented at a 60 to 90 degree angle to each other with the crankshaft at the bottom of the V.

To multiply monomials, multiply the coefficients (the numbers that come before the variables) of each term, add the exponents of like variables, and multiply the different variables together.

(5a)(2ab) - (9a²)(3b)
(5 x 2)(a x a x b) - (9 x 3)(a² x b)
(10)(a¹⁺¹ x b) - (27)(a²b)
10a²b - 27a²b
-17a²b

Calipers are similar to micrometers in shape but instead of measuring distances, calipers are used to transfer distances between objects. An outside caliper is used to transfer outside dimensions while an inside caliper is used to transfer inside distances. A vernier caliper is an extremely precise caliper (down to \({1 \over 1000}\) inch) that allows measuring / transferring either inside or outside dimensions.

Suspension springs are made with wide gap coils of rigid steel cable and both hold the vehicle chassis up off the ground and absorb energy from wheel movement making for a smoother ride.

A third class lever is designed to multiply distance and speed at the expense of effort force. Because the effort force is greater than the resistance, the mechanical advantage of a third class lever is always less than one.

An example of a third class lever is a broom. The fulcrum is at your hand on the end of the broom, the effort force is your other hand in the middle, and the resistance is at the bottom bristles. The effort force of your hand in the middle multiplies the distance and speed of the bristles at the bottom but at the expense of producing a brushing force that's less than the force you're applying with your hand.