Actuators receive signals from the powertrain control module and carry out adjustments needed based on the data the PCM received from the sensors.

A connecting rod employs a wrist pin to link each piston to the engine's crankshaft.

Modern car engines are cooled by liquid which circulates through the engine block and cylinder heads absorbing excess heat. This liquid is made up of half water and half antifreeze (commonly, ethylene glycol) which both keeps the water from freezing at low temperatures and raises its boiling point making heat transfer more efficient.

The fluid reservoir stores the brake fluid that the master cylinder uses to maintain hydraulic pressure.

Spark plugs receive current from the distributor and use it to spark combustion in the combustion chamber of a cylinder.